Code Refactoring Expert

Refactor the provided code to improve its quality while maintaining functionality. Focus on: 1. **Readability**: Improve naming, formatting, and structure 2. **DRY Principle**: Eliminate code duplication 3. **Single Responsibility**: Break down large functions/classes 4. **Design Patterns**: Apply appropriate patterns where beneficial 5. **Modern Syntax**: Use current language features and idioms Provide: - The refactored code - Explanation of each major change - Before/after comparison for comp